El campo del periodismo de educación en Chile: visiones y prácticas de periodistas y editores/as

Sebastián Ansaldo

doi:10.7764/cdi.50.27897

Authors

Sebastián Ansaldo Universidad de Cambridge

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.50.27897

Keywords:

education journalism, fields theory, mediatization, Bourdieu

Abstract

In recent years, education journalism has emerged as a new type of specialized journalism in Chile. Using Bourdieu's fields theory and elements of mediatization studies, the paper aims to characterize education journalism in Chile by exploring its particularities, internal dynamics, and relationships with surrounding fields. Through interviews with 24 journalists and editors who cover educational issues, conducted in 2018, I explore practices and visions of journalists, to describe motivations, routines and perceptions about their own work and influence in other fields. The study concludes that there are differences in levels of autonomy in the field depending on the type of content. In addition, journalists who cover educational-pedagogical topics have higher levels of symbolic capital, and there are influences between the journalistic and educational fields.

Author Biography

Sebastián Ansaldo, Universidad de Cambridge

Journalist and Master in Communication from the Diego Portales University (Chile) and MPhil in Sociology from the University of Cambridge (United Kingdom). Candidate for a doctorate in Education from the University of Cambridge. Interested in the intersections and multidisciplinary interactions between media / communication and the educational field. Member of the Knowledge, Power and Politics research cluster at the University of Cambridge and the Cambridge Latin American Research in Education Collective (CLAREC).

References

Alonso, L. E. (2002). Pierre Bourdieu" in memoriam"(1930-2002): Entre la Bourdieumanía y la reconstrucción de la sociología europea (Pierre Bourdieu "In Memoriam" (1930-2002): Between Bourdieumania and the reconstruction of European sociology). Reis, (97), 9-28. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40184363

Arredondo, C. P. (2016). La representación visual del movimiento estudiantil chileno en la prensa establecida y alternativa nacional: Un análisis multimodal (The visual representation of the Chilean students’ movement in the national established and alternative press: A multimodal análisis). Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales, (30), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2016.n30-01

Bellei, C. & Cabalín, C. (2013). Chilean student movements: Sustained struggle to transform a market-oriented educational system. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 15(2), 108–123. Retrieved from https://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/pdf/28175_15_02_Bellei_Cabalin.pdf

Bellei, C., Cabalín, C., & Orellana, V. (2014). The 2011 Chilean student movement against neoliberal educational policies. Studies in Higher Education, 39(3), 426– 440. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.896179

Benson, R. (2006). News Media as a “Journalistic Field”: What Bourdieu Adds to New Institutionalism, and Vice Versa. Political Communication, (23)2, 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600629802

Benson, R. & Neveu, E. (2005). Bourdieu and the journalistic field. Polity.

Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1995). The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature.: Columbia University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1998). On television. The New Press.

Bourdieu, P. (2000). Los usos sociales de la ciencia (The Social Uses of Science). Nueva visión.

Bourdieu, P. (2003). Language and symbolic power, ed. by J. B. Thompson. Harvard University Press.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cabalín, C. (2013). Framing y políticas educacionales: Los medios como actores políticos en educación (Framing Educational Policies: The media as political actors in education). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 19(2), 635-647. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43463

Cabalín, C. (2014a). Estudiantes conectados y movilizados: El uso de Facebook en las protestas estudiantiles en Chile (Online and mobilized students: The use of Facebook in the Chilean student protests). Comunicar, (43), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-02

Cabalín, C. (2014b). The conservative response to the 2011 Chilean student movement: Neoliberal education and media. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35(4), 485-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2013.871233

Cabalín, C. (2015). The mediatization of educational policies in Chile: The role of the media in a neoliberal education field. In Z. C. Wubbena, D. R. Ford, & B. Porfilio (Eds.), News media and the neoliberal privatization of education (pp. 9-22). Information Age Publishing.

Cabalín, C. & Antezana, L. (2016). La educación en portada: la visualización de la política educacional en la prensa (Education cover page: The visualization of educational policy in the press). Cuadernos.Info, (39), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.914

Cabalín, C., Montero, L., & Cárdenas, C. (2019). Discursos mediáticos sobre la educación: el caso de las pruebas estandarizadas en Chile (Media discourses about education: the case of standardized tests in Chile). Cuadernos.Info, (44), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1429

Couldry, N. (2012). Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity.

Crespo, D. (2005). Periodismo educativo (Educational journalism). Síntesis.

Duval, J. (2005). Economic journalism in France. In R. Benson & E. Neveu (Eds.), Bourdieu and the journalistic field (pp. 135-155). Cambridge, England.

English, P. (2016). Mapping the sports journalism field: Bourdieu and broadsheet newsrooms. Journalism, 17(8), 1001-1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915576728

Equipo de Tarea Comisión SIMCE. (2014). Hacia un sistema completo y equilibrado de evaluación de los aprendizajes en Chile (Towards a complete and balanced system for evaluating learning in Chile). Retrieved fromhttps://www.mineduc.cl/wp-content/uploads/ sites/19/2015/11/Informe-Equipo-de-Tarea-Revisi%C3%B3n-Simce.pdf

Figueroa, F. (2013). Llegamos para quedarnos. Crónicas de la revuelta estudiantil (We are here to stay. Chronicles of the student revolt). LOM Ediciones.

Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. SAGE.

Friedland, R. (2009). The Endless Fields of Pierre Bourdieu. Organization, 16(6), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508409341115

García, H. (2018). El periodista educativo y sus circunstancias: lo que el lector no ve (The Education Journalist and His Circunstances: What the Reader Can’t See). Revista de Sociología de la Educación-RASE, 11(3), 393-404. https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.11.3.13031

García Canclini, N. (1984). Gramsci con Bourdieu. Hegemonía, consumo y nuevas formas de organización popular (Gramsci with Bourdieu. Hegemony, consumption, and new forms of popular organization). Nueva Sociedad, (71), 69-78. Retrieved from https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/1156_1.pdf

Hanitzsch, T. (2017). Professional Identity and Roles of Journalists. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.95

Hanitzsch, T. & Vos, T. P. (2017). Journalistic Roles and the Struggle Over Institutional Identity: The Discursive Constitution of Journalism: Journalistic Roles and Institutional Identity. Communication Theory, 27(2), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12112

Hepp, A. & Krotz, F. (Eds.). (2014). Mediatized worlds: Culture and society in a media age. Springer.

Hilgers, M. & Mangez, E. (2015). Bourdieu's theory of social fields: Concepts and applications. Routledge.

Hjarvard, S. (2017). Mediatization. In C. Hoffner and L. Zoonen (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0107

Jiménez, C. & Muñoz, J. (2008). Estructura de los medios de comunicación en Chile (Media structure in Chile). Razón y Palabra, (60).

Johnson, R. (1995). Editor´s Introduction: Pierre Bourdieu on Art, Literature and Culture. In P. Bourdieu, Essays on art and literature, ed. by R. Johnson (pp. 1-25). Columbia University Press.

Krotz, F. (2009). Mediatization: A concept with which to grasp media and societal change. In K. Lundby (Ed.), Mediatization: Concepts, Changes, Consequences (pp. 21–40). Peter Lang.

Livingstone, S. & Lunt, P. (2014). Mediatization: an emerging paradigm for media and communication research? In K. Lundby (Ed.), Mediatization of Communication (pp. 703-724). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272215.703

Maares, P. & Hanusch, F. (2020). Interpretations of the journalistic field: A systematic analysis of how journalism scholarship appropriates Bourdieusian thought. Journalism, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920959552

Marchetti, D. (2005). Subfields of specialized journalism. In R. Benson & E. Neveu (Eds.), Bourdieu and the journalistic field (pp.64-84). Polity Press.

Mellado, C. (2019). Journalists’ Professional Roles and Role Performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.832

Navia, P. & Osorio, R. (2015). El Mercurio Lies, and La Tercera Lies More. Political Bias in Newspaper Headlines in Chile, 1994–2010. Bull Lat Am Res, 34(4), 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12364

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage.

Rawolle, S. (2005). Cross-field effects and temporary social fields: A case study of the mediatization of recent Australian knowledge economy policies. Journal of Education Policy, 20(6), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500238622

Rawolle, S. (2010). Understanding the Mediatisation of Educational Policy as Practice. Critical Studies in Education, 51(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508480903450208

Rawolle, S. & Lingard, B. (2010). The mediatization of the knowledge based economy: An Australian field based account. Communications, 35(3), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2010.015

Rawolle, S. & Lingard, B. (2014). Mediatization and education: a sociological account. In K. Lund (Ed.), Mediatization of Communication (pp. 595-616). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272215.595

Santa Cruz, E. (2016). Mediatización de las políticas educativas en Chile: El discurso de los diarios La Tercera y El Mercurio sobre la Ley General de Educación (2006-2009) (Mediatization of educational policies in Chile: The discourse of the newspapers La Tercera and El Mercurio on the General Education Law (2006-2009)). Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Granada. Retrieved from http://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/26082603.pdf

Santa Cruz, E. & Cabalín, C. (2019). Making Education News in Chile: Understanding the Role of Mediatization in Education Governance through a Bourdieuian Framework. In A. Wilkins & A. Olmedo (Eds.), Education Governance and Social Theory: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research (pp. 159–174). Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350040090.ch-008

Saavedra Utman, J. (2019). The media commons and social movements: Grassroots mediations against neoliberal politics. Routledge.

Seale, C. (2005). Researching society and culture (2nd ed.). SAGE.

Stahl, G. (2016). Doing Bourdieu justice: thinking with and beyond Bourdieu. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(7), 1091-1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1216819

Sunkel, G. & Geoffroy, E. (2001). Concentración económica de los medios de comunicación (Economic concentration of the media). Lom Ediciones.

Swartz, D. (1997). Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226161655.001.0001

Thompson, J. B. (2003). Editor´s Introduction. In P. Bourdieu, Language and symbolic power(pp1-31).r, ed. by J. B. Thompson.: Harvard University Press.

Williams, R. & Garnham, N. (2003). Pierre Bourdieu and the sociology of culture: An introduction. In Design and Aesthetics (pp. 59-72). Routledge.