Why do adolescents play video games? Proposal of a scale of motives to play video games based on the theory of uses and gratifications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.42.1314Keywords:
uses and gratifications, motives, video games, measuring scalesAbstract
This paper proposes a scale of motives for playing video games in adolescents, adapted to Spanish from the previous works of Selnow (1984), Wigand et al. (1985), Raney et al. (2006) and Sherry et al. (2006). We used the data obtained from 400 questionnaires applied to Spanish students between 14 and 20 years was analyzed. The reliability of the model was verified through factorial confirmatory analysis and internal consistency analysis. The construct and criterion validity of the scale model were studied relating the four factors of the model with consumer variables and personality traits, respectively.
References
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Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Melkevik, O. R., Torsheim, T., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., Andreassen, C. S., & Palleson, S. (2013). Gaming addiction, gaming engagement, and psychological health complaints among Norwegian adolescents. Media Psychology, 16(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.756374
Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.5915&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Colwell, J. & Payne, J (2000). Negative correlates of computer game play in adolescents. British Journal of Psychology, 91(3), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712600161844
Dalisay, F., Kushin, M. J., Yamamoto, M., Liu, Y. I., & Skalski, P. (2015). Motivations for game play and the social capital and civic potential of video games. New Media & Society, 17(9), 1399-1417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814525753
De Grove, F., Cauberghe, V., & Van Looy, J. (2014). Development and validation of an instrument for measuring individual motives for playing digital games. Media Psychology, 19(1), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.902318
De Schutter, B. (2011). Never too old to play: The appeal of digital games to an older audience. Games and Culture, 6(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412010364978
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Delwiche, A. A. & Henderson, J. J. (2013). The players they are a-changin': The rise of older MMO gamers. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.787077
Greenberg, B. S. (1974). Gratifications of television viewing and their correlates for British children. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 71-92). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
González, A. & Igartua, J. J. (2015). Validación de una escala de motivos para jugar a videojuegos y su interacción con rasgos de personalidad: agresividad y empatía [Validation of a scale of reasons to play videogames and their interaction with personality traits: aggression and empathy]. In I. Martínez de Salazar & David Alonso (Eds.), Videojuegos: diseño y sociología [Videogames: design and sociology] (pp. 111-126). Madrid: Editorial ESNE.
Hartmann, T., Möller, I., & Krause, C. (2014). Factors underlying male and female use of violent video games. New Media & Society, 17(11), 1777-1794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814533067
Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE). (2017). GameTrack European Summary (Q3, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.isfe.eu/industry-facts
Jansz, J. & Tanis, M. (2007). Appeal of playing online first-person shooter games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9981
Krampen, G. (2000). Handlungstheoretische Persönlichkeitspychologie [Action Theory Personality Psychology]. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 115-129). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Klug, G. C. & Schell, J. (2006). Why people play games: an industry perspective. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 91-100). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458
Lin, S. F. (2010). Gender differences and the effect of contextual features on game enjoyment and responses. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(5), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0293
Martorell, M. C., González, R., & Calvo, A. (1998). Cuestionario de Conducta Prosocial [Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire]. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia.
Myers, D. (1990). Computer game genres. Play & Culture, 3(4), 286-301.
Ohler, P. & Nieding, G. (2006). Why play? An evolutionary perspective. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 101-114). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Olson, C. K. (2010) Children’s Motivations for Video Game Play in the Context of Normal Development. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018984
Osmanovic, S. & Pecchioni, L. (2015). Beyond entertainment: motivations and outcomes of video game playing by older adults and their younger family members. Games and Culture, 11(1-2), 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015602819
Palmgreen, P. & Rayburn, J. D. (1985). An expectancy-value approach to media gratifications. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 115-129). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Raney A. A., Smith, J. K., & Baker, K. (2006). Adolescents and the appeal of video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 165-180). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Rey, C. (2003). La medición de la empatía en preadolescentes y adolescentes varones: adaptación y validación de una escala [The measurement of empathy in preadolescent and adolescent males: adaptation and validation of a scale]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 35(2), 185-194.
Rodríguez de Sepúlveda, D. & Igartua, J. J. (2010). Creación y validación de una escala de motivos para videojugar [Creation and validation of a scale of motives for videogaming]. In F. Ortega & L. Cardeñosa (Eds.), Nuevos medios, nueva comunicación [New media, new communication] (pp. 217-234). Salamanca: II Congreso Internacional de Comunicación 3.0.
Ruggiero, E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
Schumann, C. & Schultheiss, D. (2009). Power and nerves of steel or thrill of adventure and patience? An empirical study on the use of different video game genres. Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, 1(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.1.1.39_1
Selnow, G. W. (1984). Playing videogames: The electronic friend. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02166.x
Sherry J. L., Lucas, K., Greenberg, B. S., & Lachlan, K. (2006). Video game uses and gratifications as predictors of use and game preference. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 213-224). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Vieira, E. T. & Krcmar, M. (2011). The Influences of Video Gaming on US Children's Moral Reasoning About Violence. Journal of Children and Media, 5(2), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2011.558258
Vorderer P., Bryant, J., Pieper, K. M., & Weber, R. (2006). Playing video games as enterteinament. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 1-8). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Wigand, R. T., Borstelmann, S. E., & Boster, F. J. (1985). Electronic leisure: Video game usage and the communication climate of video arcades. Communication Yearbook, 9(1), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1986.11678611
Williams, D., Consalvo, M., Caplan, S., & Yee, N. (2009). Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 700-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01453.x
Yee, N. (2006). Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 9(6), 772-775. https://doi.org/10.108
Asociación Española de Videojuegos (AEVI). (2016). Anuario 2016. Anuario de la Industria del Videojuego [2016 Yearbook. Yearbook of the videogame industry]. Retrieved from http://www.aevi.org.es/web/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ANUARIO_AEVI_2016.pdf
Bandura, A. (1994). The social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61–90). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bartle, R. (1996). Hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades: Players who suit MUDs. Journal of MUD Research, 1(1), 19. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Bartle/publication/247190693_Hearts_clubs_diamonds_spades_Players_who_suit_MUDs/links/540058700cf2194bc29ac4f2/Hearts-clubs-diamonds-spades-Players-who-suit-MUDs.pdf
Blumler, J. & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Melkevik, O. R., Torsheim, T., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., Andreassen, C. S., & Palleson, S. (2013). Gaming addiction, gaming engagement, and psychological health complaints among Norwegian adolescents. Media Psychology, 16(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.756374
Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.5915&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Colwell, J. & Payne, J (2000). Negative correlates of computer game play in adolescents. British Journal of Psychology, 91(3), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712600161844
Dalisay, F., Kushin, M. J., Yamamoto, M., Liu, Y. I., & Skalski, P. (2015). Motivations for game play and the social capital and civic potential of video games. New Media & Society, 17(9), 1399-1417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814525753
De Grove, F., Cauberghe, V., & Van Looy, J. (2014). Development and validation of an instrument for measuring individual motives for playing digital games. Media Psychology, 19(1), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.902318
De Schutter, B. (2011). Never too old to play: The appeal of digital games to an older audience. Games and Culture, 6(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412010364978
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Delwiche, A. A. & Henderson, J. J. (2013). The players they are a-changin': The rise of older MMO gamers. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.787077
Greenberg, B. S. (1974). Gratifications of television viewing and their correlates for British children. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 71-92). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
González, A. & Igartua, J. J. (2015). Validación de una escala de motivos para jugar a videojuegos y su interacción con rasgos de personalidad: agresividad y empatía [Validation of a scale of reasons to play videogames and their interaction with personality traits: aggression and empathy]. In I. Martínez de Salazar & David Alonso (Eds.), Videojuegos: diseño y sociología [Videogames: design and sociology] (pp. 111-126). Madrid: Editorial ESNE.
Hartmann, T., Möller, I., & Krause, C. (2014). Factors underlying male and female use of violent video games. New Media & Society, 17(11), 1777-1794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814533067
Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE). (2017). GameTrack European Summary (Q3, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.isfe.eu/industry-facts
Jansz, J. & Tanis, M. (2007). Appeal of playing online first-person shooter games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9981
Krampen, G. (2000). Handlungstheoretische Persönlichkeitspychologie [Action Theory Personality Psychology]. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 115-129). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Klug, G. C. & Schell, J. (2006). Why people play games: an industry perspective. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 91-100). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458
Lin, S. F. (2010). Gender differences and the effect of contextual features on game enjoyment and responses. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(5), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0293
Martorell, M. C., González, R., & Calvo, A. (1998). Cuestionario de Conducta Prosocial [Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire]. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia.
Myers, D. (1990). Computer game genres. Play & Culture, 3(4), 286-301.
Ohler, P. & Nieding, G. (2006). Why play? An evolutionary perspective. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 101-114). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Olson, C. K. (2010) Children’s Motivations for Video Game Play in the Context of Normal Development. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018984
Osmanovic, S. & Pecchioni, L. (2015). Beyond entertainment: motivations and outcomes of video game playing by older adults and their younger family members. Games and Culture, 11(1-2), 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015602819
Palmgreen, P. & Rayburn, J. D. (1985). An expectancy-value approach to media gratifications. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 115-129). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Raney A. A., Smith, J. K., & Baker, K. (2006). Adolescents and the appeal of video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 165-180). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Rey, C. (2003). La medición de la empatía en preadolescentes y adolescentes varones: adaptación y validación de una escala [The measurement of empathy in preadolescent and adolescent males: adaptation and validation of a scale]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 35(2), 185-194.
Rodríguez de Sepúlveda, D. & Igartua, J. J. (2010). Creación y validación de una escala de motivos para videojugar [Creation and validation of a scale of motives for videogaming]. In F. Ortega & L. Cardeñosa (Eds.), Nuevos medios, nueva comunicación [New media, new communication] (pp. 217-234). Salamanca: II Congreso Internacional de Comunicación 3.0.
Ruggiero, E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
Schumann, C. & Schultheiss, D. (2009). Power and nerves of steel or thrill of adventure and patience? An empirical study on the use of different video game genres. Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, 1(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.1.1.39_1
Selnow, G. W. (1984). Playing videogames: The electronic friend. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02166.x
Sherry J. L., Lucas, K., Greenberg, B. S., & Lachlan, K. (2006). Video game uses and gratifications as predictors of use and game preference. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 213-224). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Vieira, E. T. & Krcmar, M. (2011). The Influences of Video Gaming on US Children's Moral Reasoning About Violence. Journal of Children and Media, 5(2), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2011.558258
Vorderer P., Bryant, J., Pieper, K. M., & Weber, R. (2006). Playing video games as enterteinament. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games, motives, responses and consequences (pp. 1-8). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabum Associates.
Wigand, R. T., Borstelmann, S. E., & Boster, F. J. (1985). Electronic leisure: Video game usage and the communication climate of video arcades. Communication Yearbook, 9(1), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1986.11678611
Williams, D., Consalvo, M., Caplan, S., & Yee, N. (2009). Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 700-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01453.x
Yee, N. (2006). Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 9(6), 772-775. https://doi.org/10.108
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Published
2018-06-30
How to Cite
González-Vázquez, A., & Igartua, J. J. (2018). Why do adolescents play video games? Proposal of a scale of motives to play video games based on the theory of uses and gratifications. Cuadernos.Info, (42), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.42.1314
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